الانجليزية
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Time Form Examples Time markers
Past perfect
Had + Base + ed2 He had worked with
his father.
She had finished
before I came.
Before, when, after,
once, often …
Past simple
Base + ed1 Yesterday, I visited
Annaba.
Yesterday, last
(year_week_...) , exact
date in the past …
Past continuous
Was/ were + base + ing When I was watching
TV, my brother was
taking a bath.
While, when, as…as , …
Present simple
She/ he/ it + Base + S
I, you, they , we + base
Everyday, I go to
school.
The earth revolves
around the sun.
Every (day, week...),
always, generally,
sometimes, frequently,
rarely, usually …
Present continuous
Am, is , are + base+
ed2
My mother is
preparing a cake.
Now, at this moment,
today…
Present perfect
Have, has + bas+ed2 I have just finished
reading the
newspaper.
Just, already, since,
yet…
Future Will, shall + base Next year, I will take
my BAC exam.
Next (day, week, year
..) , …
IF CLAUSE :
If I don’t agree with the content of the document, I don’t signit.
TYPE 0 : if + present simple + present simple.
If you revise your lessons, you will succeed in your exams.
TYPE 1 : if + present + future simple
If I found her address, I would send her an invitation.
TYPE 2 : if + past simple + would + stem [conditional present ]
If you had revised your lessons, you would have succeeded in your exam.
TYPE 3 : if + present perfect + would + have/has + P.P [ conditional
perfect]
DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH :
1) When the introductory verb is in the present or future we can report the
direct speech without any changes.
Example : Sarah says : “ I am ill “ ➽ Sarah says that she is ill.
2) The indirect speech is usually introduced by a verb in past tense. Verbs in
the direct speech have then to be changed into corresponding past tense.
3) The different changes :
Present simple ➽ Present simple
Ex : “ I never eat meat “, he said. ➽ He said that he never eats meat.
Present continuous ➽ Past continuous
Ex: “I am waiting for Lila” he said. ➽ He said that he was waiting for Lila.
Present perfect ➽ Past perfect
Ex: “ I have found a flat“ he said. ➽ He said that he had found a flat.
Present perfect continuous ➽ Past perfect continuous
Ex: He said: “I have been learning English for 5 years”. ➽ He said that he had
been learning English for 5 years.
Past simple ➽ Past perfect simple
Ex: He said: “I visited London last year”. ➽ He said that he has visited London
last year.
Future ➽ Conditional
Ex: He said: “Ahmed will be in Paris on Monday” ➽ He said that Ahmed would
be in Paris on Monday.
4) Other changes :
[DIRECT TO INDIRECT]
This ➽ that
These ➽ those
Today ➽ that day
Yesterday ➽ the day before
The day before yesterday ➽ two days before
Tomorrow ➽ the next day
The day after tomorrow ➽ the day after next day
Next week/ year ➽ the following week/year
A year ago ➽ a year before
5) YES/NO Question [in the indirect speech ]
When there is no question word, “if” or “whether” must be used.
Ex: “Is anyone here?” he asked.
➽ He asked if anyone was there.
Advice : “ If I were you, I would stop taking tranquillizers”, I said.
➽ I advised him to stop taking tranquillizers.
Invitation : “ Sit down“, said the teacher.
➽ The teacher invited me to sit down.
Imperative : “ Go away“, he told me.
➽ He told me to go away.
EXPRESSING SIMILARITIES
As … as [In the affirmative] : Not as / not … as [in the negative]
Ex : A boy is often as tall as his father.
Your coffee is not as good as the coffee my mother makes.
Like – alike – similar to –the same as …
Ex : It’s difficult to distinguish between twins because they are alike.
Like father, like son (proverb)
EXPRESSING DIFFERENCES / CONTRAST
Different from – whereas – unlike – while …
Ex : A car is different from a lorry.
My father traveled a lot, whereas my mother did not.
Unlike Morocco, Algeria is a Republic.
Chile is a dictator’s country, while Algeria is a democracy.
THE ‘S’ FORM
In spoken English, the ‘S’ form is pronounced /IZ/ ; /Z/ or /S/
The “S” is pronounced :
1) /IZ/ after: sh- tch - s - g - dg - z
Ex : Pushes – Reaches – Houses – Garages – Bridges – Quizzes – Teases.
2) /Z/ after: r – i – g – y – ee – v- m – th- d
Ex : Bears – Bottles – Dogs – Eyes – Jon’s – Beety’s – Lives – Swims – clothes –
Sends – Trains – sees- seas ..
3) /S/ after: th – t – p – f – k ..
Ex : Beaths – boots – Helps – Roofs – Thinks – works – Months – Laughs.
THE ‘ ED ‘ FORM
A) /t/ after voiceless consonants other than /t/ such as :
P - k - f – t – s ….
Ex : Helped – Baked – Laughed – Finished – Touched – Kissed ..
B) /d/ after vowels, semi vowels and voiced consonants other than /d/ such as :
B – g – v – z – dz- m – n – w – L – r – y ..
Ex : Begged - Disturbed – waved – Pledged – Refused – Blamed – Rained –
Travelled – ordered – Bathed – Borrowed – Destroyed.
C) /id/ after verbs ending in /t/ or /d/
Ex : adapted – added – created – ended – Wanted - Guided..
* بإمكانك إدراج الأكواد الغير قابلة لنشر بتحويله عبر محول الأكواد
تحويل الأكوادإغلاق التعبيراتإخفاء